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Vocabulary and grammar structures make up the majority of lesson content when teaching a new language. Both lesson plans contain explanations of the meaning of new words/grammatical structures, their uses, spoken and written forms, and the formations and patterns where they are found. Vocabulary can be studied through methods of repetition, gap-fill worksheets, matching exercises, or reviewing text and dialogues. Grammar structures can also be studied through texts and dialogues, intonation and pronunciation patterns, sentence building, and word order activities. Getting the students talking and using the new vocabulary and grammar structures during the activate phase is very important and can be realized through role-play, communication games, debates/discussions, or a story building game. Both vocabulary and grammar structures go hand-in-hand with teaching language functions. Language functions are best understood during the activate phase, where students can practice scenarios of inviting, refusing, agreeing, disagreeing, etc. Through role-play in particular, student talk time is high as they work out a given situation where they can practice formal and informal language use. The teacher can then decide which is needed, another study phase or an engage period, to better the understanding of the lesson. Patchwork and boomerang ESA lessons are common teaching strategies for these subjects.
