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Conditionals: These are sentences containing 'if' (or similar expressions such as 'when') which refer to past, present and future possibilities. There are two clauses, the 'if' clause and the main clause, and either can come in the first part of a conditional sentence. The 'if' clause contains the condition that has to be satisfied before the action or state in the main clause can be realised. We can also think of the main clause as expressing the consequence. Zero Conditional: if/when + present tense + present tense First conditional: if + present simple + will Second conditional: if + past simple, would/could/might + base form (verb) Third conditional: if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle Mixed Conditional: if + past perfect + base form When we turn direct questions into reported (also known as indirect) speech, the following changes also take place: The question word (when, where, why, who, what, how etc.) remains but the form of the verb changes into the positive form, the question mark being omitted in reported questions. The verb say changes into ask, enquire... etc, and the tense of the speech reported is the same as that of the reporting verb. Time expressions: These are also modified if backshifting. For example, 'today' becomes 'that day', 'yesterday' becomes 'the day before' or 'the previous day', 'tomorrow' becomes 'the next day' or 'the day after' etc.
