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Pronunciation and phonology are two of the most difficult topics in the English language to teach students. Moreover, teachers have a hard time understanding it themselves. Therefore, unit thirteen contains detailed information on how to teach and how to make specific productions, intonations, stresses on syllables, and so forth. Out of the units so far this was one of the more challenging units. Regardless, I learned new terminology of various types of ways in which the manners and places of articulation in the mouth. For example, the /f/ versus the /v/ sounds are known as fricative sounds based on the friction or vibration between the vocal chords when enunciating the consonants. Another piece of information I knew already but was reintroduced to was the connected speech. Words are usually spoken differently based on dialects or vocalization rather than proper grammar. For example, ?How did you know that?? could possibly be said ?How didja know that?? The meaning is still there however it sounds very different to a new English speaker. This is one of the many reasons English can be very difficult to the students. Therefore, it is important to include the phoneme spellings (mainly shown in dictionaries) in the ways to say the word because the sounds are not all the same. Overall, this unit was very helpful to express the various ways to teach sounds and understand them as well.
