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This unit deals with two completely different topics. The first is the conditional tense, which is used to describe ideas that could have taken place in the past, present, or future. There are five main types of conditionals that focus on the various pairings of the time tenses. All of them refer to potential or hypothetical situations except for the zero conditional which focuses on actions and facts that are always true. The zero conditional is used more for cause and effect ideas such as \"If thunder is heard, lightning follows.\" The second topic is reported speech. Normal conversation said in the moment is referred to as direct speech; it is the actual speech that a person says. Reported speech, however, is one person repeating the basic concept of what another person said to a third party. For example, if Karen says \"I'm going home,\" and Jamie wants to tell this to Jen, then Jamie would say \"Karen said that she was going home.\" As the example displays, many factors change in the reported speech, including the pronoun \"I\" to \"she\" and the verb tense from present continuous to past continuous.\" Verb tenses as well as time expressions, such as \"today\" becoming \"that day\" in reported speech often shift backwards in time in a process reasonably called backshifting. Teaching reported speech can be very difficult with its numerous shifting variables so it is best taught slowly and carefully.
