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Unit 12 focuses on the productive skills, speaking and writing, which are used to communicate. Writing may be more difficult for English learners because it requires a greater degree of accuracy, while speaking requires more fluency. However, both skills are equally important and neither should be overlooked. Accuracy activities focus on producing correct (accurate) language, whereas fluency activities focus on encouraging creativity and experimentation with the target language. Unit 12 offers example activities for three types of activities: controlled activities, guided activities, and creative communication. Unit 12 describes common reasons many students often feel reluctant to speak in the classroom, such as lack of confidence, fear of making mistakes, or intimidation from peers. It also offers ways of encouraging more speaking interaction from students, such as group work, providing sufficient controlled and guided practice so students feel more comfortable with new language, and incorporating meaningful activities. An example ESA speaking lesson is also provided with guidelines for speaking activities. As for writing skills, handwriting, spelling, and punctuation often pose issues for students. Creative writing should be encouraged to build interest in students. The use of games is also very effective; fun activities promote enthusiasm and participation. Unit 12 provides an examples ESA writing lesson.
