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This unit defined and discussed modal auxiliary verbs, phrasal verbs, relative clauses, and the passive voice. All four of these grammatical points can entail difficulties for learners, and the unit identified some common errors and mistakes and provided recommendations on how best to teach them. The modal auxiliary verbs, which have multiple uses (such as expressing obligation, ability or degrees of formality), were presented with details on the usages for each. The unit presented both the nine \"true\" modals (i.e., the ones that don't change form depending on the subject of the sentence) and some common semi-modals. Three types of phrasal verbs, or verbs that consist of more than one word, were described: Type 1, or intransitive (which cannot be followed by a direct object); Type 2, or transitive separable (which can be followed by an object pronoun or frame an object noun); and Type 3, or transitive inseparable (a more complicated structure where object and object phrase both come after the particle and which can consist of three particles). Relative clauses were divided into defining relative clauses (which are essential to the meaning of the whole sentence) and non-defining relative clauses (which are not essential to the meaning of the whole sentence). Finally, the section on using passive voice, with its switching of subject-object positions in a sentence, focused mainly on the transformation of tenses of the main verb.
