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This unit explains form, use, and different ?types? of conditionals; and use of reported speech. Conditionals are the sentences that contain ?if? or ?when?, and reported speech is used when describing what a person said to another person that was not present in the conversation. Sentences that contain \"if\" are called conditionals. They contain if and main clause, if contains condition and main clause expresses consequence. There are five main conditionals; zero, first, second, third, and mixed conditional. Zero conditional, with the form if (or when) and present tense, followed by another present tense (eg: If you freeze water, you get ice.), is used to express facts. First conditional (if + present simple, and will/might/can/should...) is used to express real situation in the future that are possible once the condition is satisfied (If I win the lottery, I will go for a trip around the world). Second conditional is used to express unreal situations, dreams and it is formed with if and past simple or continuous, would and base form (If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.). ?If I had won the lottery, I would have taken you on a cruise? (if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle) is an example of third conditional, and is used for hypothetical past situation that has an hypothetical past consequence. The last conditional is known as mixed conditional and usually combines second and third conditional, so it is used to express hypothetical past action with a present consequence, and its form combines if +past perfect and would + base form (If I had won the lottery, we could be on a trip now.). Learning conditionals can be confusing for students so using different activities with question such as what would happen if? (students in pairs or groups continue the sentences), role plays with different moral dilemmas and many others can make the learning easier. When forming reported speech, which is the opposite of direct or actual speech, there are few things that we have to keep in mind. When creating reported speech we change or ?switchback? time, place, and tense, that is used in the original sentence. General rule would be that present tense turns to past and ?this? and ?here? changes to ?that? and ?there?. Exception to this rule would be sentences in past perfect and past perfect continuous, that does not change (we can not go further back). We also use different time expressions, today becomes that day, tomorrow the next day, now becomes then? An example of reported speech would be: The teacher told me to sit down. To teach reported speech teacher could use pictures (students match pictures and sentences, and report back), role play with two students (playing a role of a mother and teenage daughter) not speaking to each other and are using a third student (third party) that speaks for them, media interviews? In this unit I learned about different conditionals, how to use them and how to teach students about them. I also learned about reported speech. It may be quite confusing for students to learn about those, so it is important that the teacher does it slowly, with different activities (role-play, pictures, interviews?), and teaching one conditional at a time.
