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Modal auxiliary verbs (can, could, should, would, etc) are used before other verbs to add meaning to the main verb. They can be used to express different ideas such as ability (She can speak French), advice (You should see a doctor about that), permission/prohibition (You may leave now), possibility/probability (He might go shopping today evening), obligation (I really must go now, my parents are expecting me). Modals can also be used to express differing degrees of formality (Can I put your coat? May I put your coat?). Modal verbs don?t change in form according to person (She can speak/I can speak). Passive voice is one of the two voices that used in English. In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. In the passive voice the ?doer? is less important, or doesn?t appear. E.g. The cake was baking yesterday. Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object, sell, take, buy, etc) are used in the passive. It?s not possible to use intransitive verbs (happen, sleep, come, seem). The passive voice in English is composed of two elements: auxiliary verb ?be? + past participle. The passive is most frequently used when it¬?s not known, not important, or we don?t want to say, exactly who performs an action (e.g. The house was built in 1987); the passive may be used with a ?by? phrase when the speaker/writer wants the listener/reader to know who performs the action (\"A Song of Ice and Fire\" was written by George R. R. Martin) A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. There are three categories of clauses: independent (complete sentence, contains the main subject and verb of a sentence), dependent (not complete sentence, must be connected to an independent clause), relative (dependent clause that modifies a noun, it describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun). A relative clause is introduced by a relative pronoun (who, that, whom, etc) or there may be no relative pronoun. There are 2 types of relative clauses defining and non-defining. The information given in defining relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence (e.g. They?re the people who bought our house) The information given in a non-defining relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence (e.g. Laura, who I work with, is doing the London marathon this year). Commas are critical in non-defining relative clauses. E.g. This is the teacher who teaches my daughter (defining); The dog, which my parents gave me, is a poodle (non-defining). Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles. A particle may be a preposition or an adverb, or an adverb plus preposition. E.g. Loick asked Jane out to dinner. There are 3 types of phrasal verbs: type 1-intransitive (cannot be followed by a direct object, e.g. She didn?t turn up); type 2-transitive separable (with type 2 phrasal verbs an object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle, e.g. He took her on), an object noun can come either between the verb and the particle or after the particle (I called the company back); type 3-transitive inseparable (with this type the object phrase or object pronoun both come after the particle, e.g. She got over it), this type also includes phrasal verbs that have 2 particles ? an adverb followed by a preposition, e.g. He looks up to his parents)
