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In this unit we will examine modal auxiliary verbs and the passive voice in details as well as a brief overview of phrasal verbs and relative clauses. Modal auxiliary verbs; They express the speaker?s feeling or attitude towards this particular verb, in most cases the verb ?to be? and are very subjective. In English there are nine true auxiliary verbs which are; will, would, should, shall, might, may, must, can, and could. What are some of the main usage of the modal auxiliary verbs? Ability;- I can ride a bicycle. Permission/Prohibition;- you may leave now. Advice;- you should go to see a doctor about that leg. Obligation;- I really must go now, my friend?s expecting me. Modal auxiliary verbs can also be used to express differing degrees of formality. Compare; -Can I borrow some money? -May I borrow some money? Even though they have similar meanings they would be used in different situations. Modal verbs do not change in form according to person. Compare the modal; I can play/he can play with the present simple; I pray/he plays. Modal verbs are followed by a verb in its base form ?I might go. This applies for both present and future meaning. To use modals to express ideas in the past the situation is somewhat more complicated, modals with more than one meaning may express past ideas I different ways according to meaning. Passive Voice. There are two voices used in English; The active;-my wife chose the wallpaper. The passive;- the wallpaper was chosen by my wife. Form; Auxiliary verb ?be? (as per table below) + past participle. Tense Passive Formation Present simple is/are +past participle Present continuous is/are being + past participle Past simple was/were + past participle Past continuous was/were being + past participle Future simple will be + past participle Future continuous will be being + past participle ?going to future? going to be + past participle Usage; The passive is most frequently used when it is not known, not important or we do not want to say, exactly who performs an action. Example; trespassers will be prosecuted, it is not important to know who will prosecute you if you trespass. Native clauses; A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. There are three categories of clauses; -Independent clause; an independent clause is a complete sentences. -Dependent clause; a dependent clause is not a complete sentence. -Relative clause; a relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies or gives further information about a noun. Phrasal verbs. Phrasal verbs or multi-word verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles ( a particle may be a preposition or an adverb or an adverb plus a preposition). They operate as one item. Example; She told Paul off= she criticized/scolded Paul. There are three basic types of phrasal verbs; Type 1- Intransitive Intransitive phrasal verbs cannot be followed by a direct object.
