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Unit 13 - Teaching Pronunciation & Phonology Pronunciation: Pronunciation is probably the most neglected aspect of English language teaching. In a recent study of 500 adult students pronunciation was in a substantial majority in regard to the most difficult aspects in English. Phonology: Definition: Phonology is the study, science, analysis, and classification of the physical properties of sounds. Intonation: intonation is generally considered to be variation in volume and pitch in a whole sentence. Intonation carries the message in the sentence. It is also fundamental in the expression of emotion and feelings. The normal pattern of intonation in a statement is the RISE/FALL intonation. The intonation falls in positive and negative statements, questions, greetings, and instructions. Example ? Have a nice day! The second common intonation pattern is FALL/RISE pattern. This indicates surprise and often disagreement, the speaker wants the person to whom he?s speaking to respond or confirm. Example ? you don?t really mean that, do you? Fall/rise pattern can also indicate that the speaker hasn?t yet finished what he or she has to say. FLAT intonation often indicates that the speaker doesn?t really have that much to say, and perhaps doesn?t want to communicate. Example ? I understand. Techniques for indicating and teaching intonation: ? Nonsense words - ?pure noises? to practice conveying attitude ? ?ching dar fee boo? ? By gesture ? sweep of the hand either up or down to indicate the general direction ? Humming or singing ? by humming or singing out sentences to hear the stress or intonation ? The board ? draw straight or angled arrows on the board Stress: Stress in the sentence comes out of the context. Rules about word stress: ? One word has only one stress ? We can only stress syllables, not individual vowels or consonants Lack of stress: In normal speech, there are more syllables without stress than with stress. Example ? he?s GONE to the SUpermarket with his FRIEND. Capitalized letters ? essential information of the sentence. Techniques for indicating and teaching stress: ? Contrastive stress ? By gesture ? Choral work ? The board ? Stress marks Sound joining: ? Linking ? Sound dropping (t,d) ? Sound changing ? Extra lettering Linked speech: How it sounds ? ?where dja wanna go?? How it is written ? ?where do you want to go?? The phonemic alphabet: A dictionary can be very helpful as it does not only state the meaning of a word, gives its class and sometimes gives example sentences but also it provides the pronunciation. Phonemic symbols: IPA ? International alphabet chart - Consonants (voiced), consonants (unvoiced), vowels, diphthongs. Articulation: The speech organs ? the tongue, the larynx, the glottis. Areas in the mouth - the alveolar ridge, the hard palate, the soft palate. Place of articulation: ? Velar ? Palatal ? Palatal-alveolar ? Alveolar ? Dental ? Labio-dental ? Bilabial ? Glottal Manner of articulation: ? Plosive ? Fricative ? Nasal ? Lateral ? Affricate ? Approximant Teaching techniques for the pronunciation of individual sounds: ? Peer dictation ? Your own mouth ? Visuals ? Phonemes ? Tongue twisters When to teach pronunciation: ? Whole lesson ? Lesson slots ? As and when required
