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This unit covered the conditional sentences and reported speech. There is the zero conditional which is used for common knowledge, absolute truths and scientific facts, such as \"If you boil sugar, it melts (simple present + simple present). The first conditional declares that something is likely or probable: \"If it rains I will stay inside\" (simple present + simple future). The second conditional is used when something is hypothetical and unlikely to happen: \"If I passed the test, I would celebrate\" (simple past + would + verb). The third conditional is used when something is hypothetical in the past and the consequence of that can never take place in the present or future: \"If I had won the lottery, I would have traveled the world\" (past perfect + would + have+ past participle). Similarly, the conditional can be mixed when the consequence lies in the present: \"If I had won the lottery, I would not be sitting in my room now\". When reporting direct speech, it is important that one \"backshifts\" the tense of the original statement, for example \"I went to the cinema yesterday\" would become \"She said she had gone to the cinema the day before.\" In this example, \"went\" becomes \"had gone\" (past perfect, thus one tense \"behind\" or \"before\" the simple past), and \"yesterday\" becomes \"the day before\" because the direct speech could be reported much later than when it was uttered so \"yesterday\" might not be the \"yesterday\" that the speaker meant.
