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Unit 16 refers to the formation and the use of conditionals and reported speech. Zero conditional (if/when + present tense, present tense) refers to actions and facts that are irrefutable. First conditional (if + present simple, will) talks about a real situation in the future, that is possible /probable once the condition has been satisfied. Second conditional (if + past simple, would/could/ might + base form) is applied when unreal hypothetical situation is presently not true and is unlikely ever to be true. Third conditional (if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle) refers to a purely hypothetical past action or non-action and the hypothetical past result. The condition could never be satisfied and therefore the consequence is/was impossible. Mixed conditional (if + past perfect, would + base form) refers to a hypothetical past action or state and the hypothetical present consequence. Typical students? mistakes are show. Teaching ideas are suggested. The second topic explains the conversion of direct to reported speech, the relation between tenses, and how the time expressions change.
