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Present tense is divided into four tenses: present simple, present continuous (or present progressive), present perfect and present perfect continuous. Present simple: This is the most common tense used in English language. It is used when we talk about general facts, routines and habits. Form: a. Affirmative: subject+ base form(+s/es)+ rest of the sentence Example: I/You/They play football. He/She/It plays football. b. Negative: subject+ auxiliary verb ?do?+ not+ base form+ rest of the sentence Example: I/You/They do not play football. He/She/It does not play football. Don?t and doesn?t often appear as do not and does not. c. Question: auxiliary verb ?do?+ subject+ base form+ rest of the question Example: Do I/you/they play football? Does he/she/It play football? For third person singulars, the base form ends in s, es or ies based on the following rules: - For words like work and play the base form ends in ?s?. - For words ending in ch, sh, ss, z, and verbs like do/go , the base form ends in a es. - For verbs ending in y like cry, the y is dropped off and an ies is added which forms cries. - In the negative form or in the question form the auxiliary verb ?doesn?t? has an s, so the base form of the verb need not end in an s/es. Present continuous: This tense is used to talk about an action that is in progress or to refer to regular actions or to form back ground events in a present story. a. Form: Affirmative: subject+ auxiliary verb ?be? + verb+ing + rest of the sentence Example: I am playing football. He/She/It is playing football. They are playing football. b. Negative: subject+ auxiliary verb ?be? + not + verb+ing + rest of the sentence Example I am not playing football. He/She/It is not playing football. They are not playing football. c. Question: auxiliary verb ?be?+ subject+ verb+ing + rest of the question Example: Am I playing football? Is she/he/it playing football? Are they playing football? There are a few verbs that are not normally used in the continuous form like love, hate, understand, own, appear, wish. Non-progressive verbs are divided into following categories: - Verbs of the senses - Verbs expressing feelings and emotions - Verbs of mental activity - Verbs of possession Present perfect: The present perfect relates the past to the present. It is used when we describe past actions with present result or a general experience that happened at an indefinite time or completed past actions in an unfinished time period. a. Form: Affirmative: subject + auxiliary verb ?have? + past participle + rest of the sentence Example: I/We/You/They have played football today. He/She/It has played football today. b. Negative: subject+ auxiliary verb ?have? + not + past participle + rest of the sentence Example: I/We/You/They have not played football today. He/She/It has not played football today. c. Question: auxiliary verb ?have?+ subject+ past participle + rest of the question Example: Have I/we/you/they played football today? Has he/she/it played football today? Since and for are often used with the present perfect. - We use since with points of time. Example: We have lived in Paris since 1980. - We use for with periods of time. Example: We have lived in Paris for 20 years. Present perfect continuous: This tense relates the past to the present. It implies that either the activity is likely or continue in the future, or it was in progress for some length of time or both. a. Form: Affirmative: subject + auxiliary verb ?have? + been + verb+ing + rest of the sentence Example: I/We/You/They have been playing for the last two hours. He/She/It has been playing for the last two hours. b. Negative: subject + auxiliary verb ?have? + not + been + verb+ing + rest of the sentence Example: I/We/You/They have not been playing for the last two hours. He/She/It has not been playing for the last two hours. Question: auxiliary verb ?have?+ subject+ been + verb+ing + rest of the question Example: Have I/we/you/they been playing for the last two hours? Has he/she/it been playing for the last two hours?
