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Task Sheet for Unit 18 (Modals, Passive & Phrase Verbs) Task 1 ? different modal usages and relative changes in meaning: 1) May I is most polite (moreso than could I or can I. 2) You must is stronger than either you should or you ought. 3) You could see is shows less worry than should see or have to see. 4) You don?t have to is much softer than you must not. 5) It must be is more sure than either it might be, it may be or it could be. 6) I will be is more definite than I should be. 7) It may not be is less sure than it couldn?t be or it can?t be. 8) He had to implies a reason, unlike he might have or he must have. 9) Must have is stronger than either should have or ought to have. 10) Got to and have to are the same & imply a sense of urgency; should go & better go imply a sense of obligation. Rather go implies preference. Task 2 ? Shades of meaning can make a big difference, or sometimes just a subtle one. Task 3 ? Modal usages & teaching ideas: a) May I use your toilet? MAY, used as polite request Idea 1: ?Mother may I?? game (May I step forward. Yes or no you may/may not? Idea 2: In triplets, identify other uses of may, and alternate words (can, could).. b) Matthew might come to see you later. MIGHT: uncertain possibility Idea 1: In pairs, think of as many ways as possible to say the same thing or to express the opposite. eg, he COULD, or MAYBE is will, or MAYBE he won?t. c) You should really stop smoking. SHOULD: Advisability or moral obligation Idea 1: In pairs build a list of things to say using SHOULD for advisability. Idea 2: Same pairs, make a list of SHOULD NOT expressions. d) I must do my homework. MUST: obligation Idea 1: Role play in pairs, focusing on ?You must? or ?You must not?? Idea 2: Role play, same pairs, ?Must I?? e) Monkeys can?t swim. CAN: ability/possibility Idea 1: In a circle, take turns making such a statement, about particular animals or types of people. Idea 2: Same circle, use CAN? Task 4 ? Passive voice, formed by ?be? (in various tenses) + past participle: is/are, is/are being; have/has been; was/were; was/were being; had been; will be; will have been; going to be ALL + past participle Task 6 ? converting to passive: a) Rice is grown by farmers in India. b) The report will be finished later [by me]. c) The World Cup has never been won by Scotland. d) George W. Bush was elected by the American people. e) ?Murder on the Orient Express? was written by Agatha Christie. Task 7 ? Convert from passive to active, keep the tense the same. a) I will be questioned by the police tomorrow. Tense: Future The police will question me tomorrow. b) ?E.T.? was directed by Spielberg. Tense: past Spielberg directed ?E.T.? c) The Band?s new song hasn?t been released yet. Tense: Present Perfect The Bank has not released their new song yet. d) The report is being prepared by Mrs. Smith. Tense: Present Continuous Mrs. Smith is preparing the report. e) 1,000,000 pints of beer are consumed daily in Germany. Tense: Present simple Germans consume 1,000,000 pints of beer daily. (Not technically accurate?) Task 8 ? explaining passive voice to a low level student a) Focus on the object instead of the subject with examples: - She washed the dishes. The dishes were washed [by her]. - He committed the crime. The crime was committed [by ?]. - NBC reported the news. The news was reported [by ?]. b) Discuss WHY to use passive instead of active, with examples. - Someone was hurt or killed. (We don?t know by whom or what, or don?t want to say?) - A job is, was or has been done. (Doesn?t matter by whom?) Task 9 ? types of Phrasal Verbs: 1) Intransitive (no object), eg, He didn?t turn up. 2) Transitive separable, eg, She took her on; she took Anna on; She took on Anna. NOT She took on her. The President said bring it on! 3) Transitive inseparable: the phrase must stay together, eg: - She got over it. She looks up to her grandmother. She puts up with a lot of? Task 10 ? Relative Clauses, defining & non-defining a) Introduced by who, which, that, whose, whom (which may be implied) - Defining relative clause gives essential info (not using commas) eg, They have arrested the man I met last night. - Non-defining clause gives info that is not essential to sentence meaning. eg, Gladys, whom I adore, is married.
