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This unit comprises of 8 sub-headings. This is the area of English that deals with Grammar. To begin with, the different parts of speech, we have; 1) Nouns: A noun is the names of people, animals, places, things, qualities, states. It is being broken down as follows - Common nouns: These are names of things without capital letters examples - table Proper nouns: These are names of persons, states, using capital letters examples - John, Nigeria. - Compound noun: These are names of places e.g classroom - Abstract nouns: These one qualities of thing example - beauty - Collective nouns: examples - family, shoal Plurals ? They indicate more than one. Plural nouns are usually created by adding an S. if the noun ends in ch, sh, x, s, we usually add es examples - cats, watches, boxes. A noun that ends with y, we usually change to i then add es example- family ? families. Nouns ending with f usually changes to v and then we add es example thief- thieves. There are exceptions such as brief ? briefs, man ? men, child ? children. -Countable nouns: These are people, creatures and things that can be counted. They can be preceded by articles a/ an/ the and can be used as plurals examples - a car, an egg, the lion. -Uncountable nouns: These are things that can?t be counted. They can?t have a/ an/ the in front of a noun and can?t be used in the plural examples - rice, beans. 2)Adjective: They are used to describe a noun such as people and things examples- big, small, rich etc. Tom is a rich man. Rich is the adjective because it describes Tom which is the noun. Adjectives can be divided into -(Comparisons/ comparatives): it compares two people or things example - Mary is taller than Susan. The comparative form of Adjective is taller. -Comparisons (superlatives): it describes more than two persons example - Edward is the tallest in our class. Adjective Comparative Superlative Good Better Best Happy Happier Happiest 3)Articles: They are classified under; Indefinite Articles a and an. These indefinite articles are used with singular nouns only example - this is a cat. Definite Article is used before singular and plural nouns when the nouns is particular or specific. A noun is definite when it refers to a particular member of a group. It is also used when a noun refers to something unique examples - the white house. There are some exceptions in using the examples - names of cities, towns, streets, continents. 4)Verbs: A verb is a doing word examples - play, eat, etc. verbs can either be transitive or intransitive Transitive verb is a verb that is followed directly by an object example - David plays football. David is the subject, and football is the object. The verb play has an object. Examples of transitive verbs include eat, cook, read, study etc. Intransitive verb is a verb that cannot be followed directly by an object. It does not do anything to anyone or anything. It simply does an action examples - go, arrive, and come. English verbs have four principle forms as follows - Base form - Past simple - Past participle - Present participle Regular verbs Base form Past simple Past participle Present participle Hope Hoped Hoped Hoping Irregular verbs Base form Past simple Past participle Present participle Begin Began Begun Beginning Auxiliary verbs help form a tense or an expression by combining with present or past participles or infinitives of other verbs. There are only three auxiliary verbs that is, do, have and be. They are often used to help form tenses. Base form Present Past simple Past participle Do Do / does Did Done 5) Adverbs add meaning to an action, quality or state denoted by a verb. There are five main types of adverbs, namely; - Manner examples- well, hard, slowly - Place examples above, up, here - Time examples now, then, soon - Degree examples very much - Frequency examples once, twice Other notable types are: - comment / attitude examples actually, perhaps - linking examples firstly - viewpoint examples mentally, morally, officially - adding / limiting examples also, either, else 6) Gerunds are the ing form of a verb used as a noun. It is used in the same way as a noun that is as a subject for an object example playing 7)Pronouns are words that used instead / in place of more, precise nouns or noun phrases. Pronouns can be classified as follows -Personal pronouns ? I, me, you, he, him, she, her, we, it, us, they, them. -Possessive pronouns ? mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its. -Reflexive - myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves. -Relative ? who, which, what, whose 8)Prepositions /conjunction. Preposition shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other words in a sentence. The different types of prepositions are; Time / date ? at, on, before, in, from, since, for, during Movement ? from, to, in, into, on, onto, by, off, out. Place/ position ? in, at, on, by, above, over, under Conjunctions joins words or groups in a sentence, words in the same class, that is pairs of nouns, adjectives, adverbs Verbs/phrases examples- but, and, or, nor, yet Personally I have learnt the different parts of speech which are nouns, adjectives, Articles, verbs, adverbs, gerunds, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions and the various means they can be used in English.
