Teach English in Anyuan Zhen - Wuwei Shi

Modal auxiliary verbs: They include can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, should, must, have to, have got to, need to, needn?t, and ought. They are used to express a number of ideas such as obligation, possibility/probability, permission/prohibition, ability and advice. Modal verbs are followed by a verb in its base form. This applies to both present and future meanings. Using modals to express ideas in the past situation is somewhat complicated. Modals with more than one meaning may express past ideas in different ways according to meaning. The modals and their uses are explained as below: 1. ?May? is used for polite request, formal permission and for less than 50 percent certainty. Example: May I take leave today? It may rain this evening. 2. ?Might? is used for much less that 50 percent certainty and polite requests. Example: Might I borrow your pen? It might rain this afternoon. 3. ?Need to? is used to express need, lack of need and optional need or necessity. Example: You need to take the bus. You don?t need to go to the hospital now. 4. ?Must? is used to express obligation, prohibition (negative only) and 95 percent certainty. Example: I must go shopping today. You must not meet him. She must have gone to the library. 5. ?Have to? is used to express necessity or obligation and lack of necessity or obligation. Example: I have to go to class today. I didn?t have to go to class yesterday. 6. ?Have got to? expresses strong necessity. Example: I have got to go to the class today. 7. ?Should/ought to? expresses advisability or moral obligation, 90 percent certainty and unexpected past result. Example: She should have done well on the test. You should study every day. 8. ?Can? is used to express ability, informal permission, informal request and assumed impossibility. Example: I can run fast. You can?t catch the train if you don?t hurry. Can you fetch me the ball, please? 9. ?Could? is used to express past ability, polite request, suggestion, less than 50 percent certainty and improbability. Example: I could climb trees as a child That couldn?t be true! 10. ?Would? is used to express polite request, preference and a repeated past action. Example: Would you fetch the ball? I would rather go for a walk than stay at home. I would eat ice creams for dessert as a child. 11. ?Be able to? is used to express ability Example: I will be able to walk to your house. There are two voices used in English. The active voice and the passive voice. Example: My brother ate the cabbage. (Active voice) The cabbage was eaten by my brother. (passive voice) In passive voice, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. It is not possible to use verbs such as happen and seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive. Form: auxiliary verb ?be?+past participle The tense of the sentence remains same for both active and passive voice. Perfect continuous tenses are not normally used. Usage: The passive is most frequently used when it is not known, not important or we don?t want to say who performs an action. Example: Montana was kidnapped yesterday. (No one knows who kidnapped Montana.) Oliver Twist was written by Charles Dickens. (It is important to know who wrote Oliver Twist). Change of tenses from active to passive: Present simple: is/are+past participle Present continuous: is/are being+past participle Present perfect: have/has been+past participle Past simple: was/were+past participle Past continuous: was/were being+past participle Past perfect: had been+past participle Future simple: will be+past participle future continuous: will be being+past participle future perfect: will have been+past participle ?Going to? future: going to be+past participle A clause is a group of words containing a subject and a verb. There are three types of clauses: Independent clause: An independent clause is a complete sentence containing main subject and a verb of the sentence. Dependent clause: A dependent clause is connected to an independent clause. Relative clause: A relative clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It is introduced by a relative pronoun like who, which, that, whose and whom. Example: The watch that I lost yesterday was expensive. Defining relative clause: The information given in a defining relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. It makes it clear which person or thing we are talking about. Commas in this sentence is not used. Example: This is the driver who drives our bus. Non-defining relative clause: The information given in a non-defining relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. The information can be removed from the sentence without changing the meaning. Example: Bill, who paid for the dinner last night, is coming home this evening. Phrasal verbs: Phrasal verbs or multi-word verbs consists of a verb and one or two particles. A particle may be a preposition or an adverb or an adverb plus a preposition. Type 1 phrasal verbs also known as intransitive phrasal verbs are those which cannot be followed by a direct object. Example: He didn?t turn up. Type 2 phrasal verbs also known as transitive separable, the object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle. Example: She took on her. An object noun can come either between the verb and the particle or after the particle. Example: She took Anna on. She took on Anna. Type 3 phrasal verbs or transitive inseparable are those phrasal verbs in which the object phrase and the object pronoun both comes after the particle. Example: She got over the tragedy. This also includes phrasal verbs that have two particles: an adverb followed by a preposition. Example: She looks up to her grandmother.