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TENSE SYSTEM Seven most common: 1.Future Simple 2.Future Continuous 3.Future Perfect 4.Future perfect Continuous 5.Be going + infinitive 6.Present simple 7.Present Continuous FUTURE SIMPLE: FORM: AFFIRMATIVE: I shall/will You will He/she/it will +verb We shall/will They will NEGATIVE: I will not/shall not/you will not etc. QUESTION: Will/Shall I not? Will you not? (Won?t /Shan?t I-UK only) etc. NEGATIVE QUESTION: Will/shall I not? Will you not? Won?t/Shan?t I? CONTRACTIONS: I?ll, you?ll, shan?t, won?t etc. (shall/shan?t UK only) USAGES: Future Facts & certainties ?He?ll be 28 in July ?Spring will start in March as usual Promises: ?I?ll put the check in the post Predictions: (based on NO present evidence as opposed to ?be going to?) ?It?ll rain before morning Assumptions/Speculations ?What will happen in next week?s episode? ?That?ll be the bailiffs at the door ?They?ll have to sell the house Spontaneous Decisions (contrast with ?be going to? for planned decisions) ?I?ll get my coat Threats ?You?d better go or I?ll hit you. SHALL/WILL ?Shall used in making suggestions, invitations etc. In affirmative use its more formal ?Will expresses stronger intention, coercion/ determination. ?What shall we do with the evidence? ?You shall go to the ball. ?Shall we dance? ?Where shall I send your mail? ?Shall I do that for you? TYPICAL MISTAKES: ?Sunday I will to go on a picnic ?We?ll going to win tomorrow Confusion between ?be going to? & the Future Simple is common TEACHING IDEAS ?Fortune telling/palm reading ?With Present simple in time clauses She?ll be happy when we arrive ?Going on a holiday/lost in the desert-what will you take? ?Winning lottery-what will you do? ?Songs: When I?m 64 - Beatles That?ll be the day - Buddy Holly FUTURE CONTINUOUS: FORM: subject + will + verb + ing (present participle) USAGES: ?To say that something will be in progress at a particular moment in the future ?To ?predict the present? to say what we think or guess might be happening now ?For polite enquiries referring to other peoples plans, but not to influence the listeners intentions ?To refer to future events which are fixed or decided (without suggesting personal intention) TYPICAL MISTAKES: Missing part of structure ?We will be wait for you ?We will waiting for you FUNCTION: The idea that the action will continue around a specific point in the future may cause confusion TEACHING IDEAS ?Arrange diaries/dates ?Trying to get out of the date from hell ?Illustrative situations FUTURE PERFECT: FORM: Will + have + past participle USAGE: To say that something will have been done, completed or archived by a certain time in the future. We look back on the past (a completed action) friom a future standpoint. That is the ?past in the future?. TYPICAL MISTAKES: Form: I will be finish by tomorrow I will have been finished by tomorrow Function: Can be confused with future perfect continuous ? the distinction between completion of action by a certain time in the future and how long something will have continued for by a certain time (future perfect continuous) needs to be made TEACHING IDEAS: Fill in future diaries & elicit questions in the future perfect ?What will you have done by?. Invention of an extremely successful future career ?Students tell each other what they will have done by certain ages/years A novelist writes 300 page books. He/she write s ten pages a day and takes no holidays. Use future perfect to answer the questions: How many pages will she have written after ten days? After a month? Etc. FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS: FORM: will + have + been + verb +ing USAGE: To say how long something will have continued by a certain time. Future Perfect Continuous often includes a adverbial expression that begins with by i.e By next week?.. By this time tomorrow?. TYPICAL MISTAKES: FORM: Next Christmas I?ll have been learn English for four years. By this time tomorrow I?ll be drinking for twelve hours BE GOING + (?GOING TO? FUTURE) FORM: verb ?to be? in the present, + going to, + base form of verb NOTE: This tense can cause confusion as the structure looks very similar to the Present Continuous especially when the Present Continuous form uses the verb ?to go?. The difference is that the ?be going to? structure is always followed by a verb. USAGES: Intentions: ?I?m not going to do it Predictions based on present evidence ?I think it?s going to rain later Plans (decisions made before speaking) ?I am going to visit my family in April NOTE: The ?be going to? future usage is frequently confused with the future simple. The two structures are often taught together to help students appreciate the differences TEACHING IDEAS: ?Make holiday/birthday plans ?Make predictions based on evidence, such as weather forecast etc. ?Songs: Mannish Boy ? Muddy Waters ?Itinerary from a courier ?Younger learners ? plan what they are going to be when they grow up ?Older learners ? plan successful future careers PRESENT SIMPLE: FORM: see Present Tenses USAGES: To suggest a more formal situation ?Our new shop opens next month For timetables/schedules ?The train to Edinburgh leaves from platform 6 at 10:30 a.m. ?We fly to Dublin on Sunday, then we go on to New York on Tuesday To suggest a more impersonal tone (often implying an outside compulsion) ?They leave tomorrow for Paris ?We start filming tomorrow TEACHING IDEAS: Compiling /sharing info from airport or railway schedules Writing press releases about your company?s future plans Discussing weekly timetables. PRESENT CONTINUOUS: FORM: see Present tenses USAGES: For definitive arrangements ?We?re taking our holiday in July. (We?ve booked & bought tickets) ?I?m going for a drink later For decisions & plans without a time frame I?m leaving you TEACHING IDEAS: Diaries/Schedules ? Any activity using future diaries can be adapted. Blank diaries can be given to students for completion. They then try to find a time when they are both free to meet for lunch etc?. Role-Play ? Secretary & client where client is trying to make appointment to see a busy boss.
