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Unit 4 described the present tense. The present tense is composed of 4 types: 1. present simple, 2. present continuous/present progressive, 3. present perfect, and 4. present perfect continuous. The present tense is used for: a) habits or routines, b) permanent situations/facts, c) commentaries (on TV and the radio), d) directions/instructions, e) newspaper headlines, f) stories told in the present tense, and g) historical sequence of events. The present continuous tense is constructed: am/are/is + verb-ing. We use the present progressive when talking about: a) an action in progress at the time of speaking, b) a temporary action still going on, c) to emphasize frequent actions, d) background information in a story told at the present time, e) to describe developing events, and f) to reference a regular action around a period of time. The present perfect tense is constructed: have/haven't + past participle. It is used to talk about: a) a general experience (but without a specific time/in detail), b) when talking about completed actions (in an unfinished period of time), c) talking about something that began in the past and has continued to happen up until now, and d) to describe past actions with present results. Present perfect continuous tense is used to: a) communicate an incomplete and ongoing activity (for a period of time) and b) to describe a recently completed, uninterrupted activity with a current result. Overall, unit 4 was another excellent grammar lesson. It included detailed information about the present tense, including the 4 types, along with plenty of examples to refer to.
