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Unit 18 covers the final section of basic English grammar. It details the role of modal auxiliary verbs, from the variety of meanings they can express to more nuanced changes in implication and formality. The teaching suggestions for modals vary based upon what purpose is being highlighted. For example, the activities suitable for a lesson on formal requests would be significantly different from those of a lesson on expressing possibilities, even though some of the words may overlap. The passive voice makes up the other major section of this unit, showing how passive language differs from active language, in both form and focus. Tense-based changes further complicate the formulation of passive sentences. Unit 18 also briefly discusses relative and phrasal verbs. The different types of clauses are mentioned, with a focus on the modifying function of relative clauses. The three kinds of phrasal verbs are also defined by their formation, specifically the position of the object phrase/pronoun. It is suggested that phrasal verbs be taught as separate vocabulary, given the original meaning often changes with the addition of the particle. As with other grammar units in this course, the information helped to expand upon and clarify familiar language elements, and to present them from the perspective of an English-language student. The ability to see grammatical structure from the point of view of the learner is essential to teaching it effectively. Explanation of these structures without a clear understanding of the rules can be challenging, as they are often a matter of intrinsic knowledge for native speakers.
