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Conditionals are sentences containing the word if or when. There are five types of conditionals i.e. ? Zero conditional ? used for statement of fact ? First conditional ? a real situation in the future that is possible, probable or certain ONLY once the condition has been satisfied ? Second conditional ? A present or future ?unreal?, hypothetical situation that is presently unlikely to ever be true. ? Third conditional ? Refers to hypothetical past action and the hypothetical past consequence or result ? Mixed conditional ? refers to a hypothetical past action or state, and the hypothetical present consequence. Reported speech is when a person is quoted i.e. what he has said is regurgitated so that it is understood in the context that it was meant. This requires a backshifting of tenses, changing of pronouns. Most of the changes in tenses move from present to past version with the exception of: ? Past Simple becomes past perfect ? Past continuous becomes past perfect continuous ? Will becomes would ? Past perfect remains unchanged ? Past perfect continuous remains unchanged.