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There are four basic skills in any language: receptive skills (reading and listening) and productive skills (speaking and writing). All are equally important and for balance all should be integrated into class lesson plans. Motives and reasons for the receptive skills of reading and listening fall into two main categories: 1. For a Purpose (i.e. to help us achieve a goal such as reading or listening to instructions to learn how to do/use something. 2. For Entertainment (such as listening to music, reading a book). Reading and listening do not just use the eyes and ears - the mind plays a key role in processing words and understanding them in their correct context. A number of skills are utilised when reading or listening, depending on the context, goals and expertise. Such skills include: 1. Predictive (deducing article content from headline), 2. Scanning (concentrating on confirming specific information), 3. Skimming (quickly reviewing the text/dialogue to get a general understanding of the content and context), 4. Comprehensive reading/listening to understand entire piece in detail. Potential problems exist when teaching and learning receptive skills such as sentence and word length, unfamiliar words etc which are less problematic when reading as the reader has a chance to review the material a number of times to digest the full meaning and context. Ways of easing language difficulty with students include pre-teaching any difficult vocabulary being covered in the lesson, selecting non-authentic texts that are suitable to students abilities and frame of reference as well as choosing topics that are interesting and will motivate the students. Comprehension tasks such as jigsaw reading and jumbled texts can be used to promote understanding.
