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Unit 18 deals with modal verbs, relative clauses, the passive forms and phrasal verbs. Modal verbs are those verbs which modify (sometimes substantially) the meaning of a verb that follows them in the base form. They usually present the same form for the present and the future, while regarding the past some of them admit it, while others just can?t be used and other expressions are needed. They present the same form for all the personal pronouns, while most of them don?t use any auxiliary verbs for negative form and question. English clauses can be divided into three types: independent, dependent and relative. The first ones mean by their own, while the second and the third ones need another clause to gain full meaning. Particularly relatives clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun such as who, which, that, whose and whom. They are then divided into defining - when necessary to add full meaning to the whole sentence - and non-defining - whose information is not fundamental (often starting and ending with commas). The passive form is an alternative grammar construction for transitive verbs where the object of the original sentence becomes subject and the previous subject becomes the agent (expressed with the preposition ?by?). This structure emphasises the new subject or it is used when the author is unknown or unclear. Finally, phrasal verbs are a category of English verbs which contain one or more prepositions which radically change their meaning. They can be intransitive, transitive separable or transitive inseparable. The main difference between the two last ones is the position of the object regarding the proposition. In the transitive inseparable follows the preposition(s), while in the other case can (or must in the case or pronouns) be between verb and preposition(s).
