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Phonology or phonetics is the study, science, analysis and classification of the physical properties of sound. Intonation in considered to be the variation in volume and pitch in a whole sentence, whereas stress focuses more on individual words. The forms of intonation are: 1.Rise/fall (normal), 2.Fall/rise, 3.Flat. General rules for stress: 1.Each word has only one. Secondary stress can be possible but it is smaller than the primary stress. 2.Only syllables are allowed to be stressed, not individual vowels or consonants. 3.Most 2-syllable nouns and pronouns have the stress on the first syllable. 4.Most 2-syllable verbs have stress on the last syllable 5.Words that end with -ic, -sion, -tion have the stress on the penultimate syllable (second to last). 6.Words that end with -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy, -ive, -al have the stress on the ante-penultimate syllable (third to last). 7.For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part. 8.For compound adjectives and verbs, the stress is on the second part. The four major ways sounds join together are: linking, sound dropping (t, d), sound changing, and extra lettering. Manner of articulation: 1.Plosive - these sounds are made by first blocking air then letting it out in an \"explosive\" manner. 2.Fricative - for these sounds, air is forced out through a narrow space. Friction is needed. 3.Nasal - sounds are made by creating an obstruction and lowering the soft palate to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity. 4.Lateral - sounds are produced by air passing from the side of the tongue rather than the front. 5.Affricate - sounds are produced by a combination of fricative and plosive sounds. 6.Approximant - sound is produced by narrowing the vocal tract, and placing the tongue near another part of the vocal tract.
