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Unit 16 covered conditionals and reported speech. Conditionals are sentences with 2 clauses - \"If/When clause\" + \"Main clause\". There are 5 main conditionals: 1. Zero conditional (If/When + present tense, present tense). 2. First conditional (If + present tense, will). 3. Second conditional (If + past tense, would/could/might + base verb). 4. Third conditional (If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle). 5. Mixed conditional (If + past perfect, would + base form). Many students find conditionals confusing and mix up the tense or other parts of the sentence. Teachers can use activities such as: split sentences, fill in the blank with the conditional, student chain conditionals, conditional questions, and role plays to help their students practice the various types of conditionals. Moving on to reported speech, reported speech (indirect speech) is used to convey information or what someone else has said to another person. We must use \"back-shifting\" when using reported speech by converting the tense/physical position back a notch (Ex. Present simple tense -> Past simple tense, Present continuous -> Past continuous, Present perfect -> Past perfect). There are some special cases that are worth being noted (Ex. Past simple -> Past perfect, Will -> Would, Past perfect -> Past perfect). Time expressions must also be changed (Ex. Today -> That day, Yesterday -> The day before, the previous day, Tomorrow -> The next day, the day after). Teaching activities for reported speech might include: intermediaries, reporting verbs, and media interviews. Therefore, unit 16 provided great insight and methods for teaching conditionals and reported speech, along with what problematic areas that might arise. Furthermore, this lesson should be referred to for grammatical rules regarding conditionals and reported/indirect speech.
