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Unit 4 is a discussion about present tenses, which include the present simple, present continuous, present perfect, and present perfect continuous. Present simple refers to the current moment and has many usages, including habits, facts, instructions, present stories, headlines, and historical sequences. The basic affirmative form for a present simple is subject + base form + [s/es]. The present continuous has the affirmative form of subject + aux verb \"be\" + verb+ing. The present continuous tense talks about an action in progress at the time of speaking, talks about a temporary action not necessarily in progress at the time of speaking, emphasizes frequent actions, describes developing actions, and refers to a regular action around a point of time. The present perfect tense relates the past to the present and takes the affirmative form of subject + aux. verb \"have\" + past participle. The four main usages of the present perfect tense are times when we walk about finishes actions that happened at an indefinite time, times when we are thinking about completed past actions carried out in an unfinished time period at the time of speaking, times when we talk about something which began in the past and is still true now but we're not sure if it will be true in the future, and lastly, times when we describe pat actions with present results. The last present tense is the present perfect continuous. This tense relates the past to the present with the implication that the activity will continue in the future or that the activity went on for an extended period of time. The affirmative form of the tense is subject + aux. verb \"have\" + been + verb+ing. The usages of this specific tense are when you are communicating an incomplete and ongoing task and you want to specify how long the task has been ongoing and when you want to describe a recently finished activity with present result.
