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Main Clauses connected with and / but If two complete main clauses are connected with ?and? or ?but?, put ?that? after the conjunction. Example: He said,?I saw her but she didn?t see me.? ? He said that he had seen her but that she hadn?t seen him.? If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do not use ?that?. Example: She said,?I am a nurse and work in a hospital.? ? He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.? Tense of the Introductory Clause The introductory clause usually is in Past Tense. Example: He said that ? Present Tense is often used to report a conversation that is still going on, e. g. during a phone call or while reading a letter. Example: ?I am fine.? ? Tom says / writes that he is fine. The introductory clause can also be in another tense. In the following table you can see, for which tense of the introductory clause you have to use backshift in reported speech. No Backshift if introductory clause is in ? Backshift if introductory clause is in ? Simple Present (He says ?) Present Perfect (He has said ?) Future I will (He will say ?) Future I going to (He is going to say ?) Simple Past (He said ?) Past Perfect (He had said ?) Future II ( He will have said ?) Conditional I (He would say ?) Conditional II (He would have said ?) Backshift in Reported Speech The basic rules for backshift when transforming direct speech into reported speech are: Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present Simple Past Present Progressive Past Progressive Simple Past Past Perfect Simple Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future I (going to) was / were going to Future I (will) Conditional I Conditional I Future II Conditional II
