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The receptive skills reading and listening have motivations for students such as entertainment purposes and goal-oriented purposes. There are several ways in which students read and listen, called specialist skills. From a glimpse of a newspaper headline, one uses the predictive skills in guessing what the content of the article will be about. Scanning for specific information occurs when we are attentive to a particular story or subject that comes up and we wish to concentrate on that piece of information. Skimming general ideas is a skill that students use to generalise or summarise the gist of a text or dialogue. Detailed information can be obtained through concentration on every detail that we are reading or listening to. The skill deduction from context allows students to deduce the meaning of words or phrases from the context which they are heard in order to see beyond the literal meaning of the words and understand the other information that is being communicated within the context. Pre-teaching difficult vocabulary that students may come across is important before a reading or listening activity so that students are confident int he material but are also being challenged. A careful selection of texts is needed so that students have a balance of new material that is at the same time ideal for the students learning abilities. Students should be exposed to a variety of authentic and non-authentic texts. These texts as well as other subject materials should include topics of interest to the students. Topics help motivate students and a wide variety is needed to ensure that each member of the class feels connected to the topic in some way and at some point during the lessons. This creates interest within the class and students will be engaged in the lessons via pictures, the topic discussion, texts and dialogues, etc. Comprehension tasks are needed to promote understanding and should not be too difficult not too easy, but a realistic challenge.
