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Unit 16 explains the five main conditionals and how to report speech. The conditionals are: 1) Zero conditional ? Used to express irrefutable facts/certain outcome If/when + present tense, present tense. E.g. If you freeze water, it turns to ice. 2) First conditional ? Used to express likely outcome in the future if a specific condition is met (certain action performed). If + present simple, will. E.g. If she studies hard, she will pass the test. 3) Second conditional ? Used to express a present or future hypothetical situation that is presently not true and unlikely to happen. If + past simple, would/could/might + base verb. E.g. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. 4) Third conditional ? Refers to a hypothetical past action (or non-action) and the hypothetical past consequence/result. If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle. E.g. If I had practiced the piano, I would have been better. 5) Mixed conditional ? Refers to a hypothetical past action/state and the hypothetical present consequence. If + past perfect, would + base verb. E.g. If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now. Teaching ideas for the conditionals: 1) Split sentences ? match the correct pair 2) Complete the conditional 3) Chain conditionals 4) What a question! ? Debate 5) Nuclear bunker role play ? who deserves a spot? 6) What would happen if ?.? Reported speech When reporting back direct speech a little while after the actual conversation took place we will need to change the tense to the past. Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple Present continuous Past continuous Present perfect Past perfect Present perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Past simple Past perfect Past continuous Past perfect continuous Will Would Past perfect Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect continuous Teaching ideas for reported speech: 1) Intermediaries ? Role-play with three students where two students communicate to each other via a third party. 2) Media interviews and press releases
