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English uses a number of modal verbs, which add nuances of politeness, obligation, ability, possibility, advice, probability, and permission to a sentence when used in combination with a main lexical verb. Examples of common modal verbs in English include 'may', 'might', 'can', 'should', 'ought', 'must', 'have to', 'need to', 'would', etc. Sometimes, multiple modal verbs may be used with in the same context, but the choice of modal verb may determine the politeness level, degree of certainty, or level of urgency. The passive voice is one of two voices in English, the other being the active voice. The active voice is considered to be the default, whereby the agent is the subject of the sentence: e.g. 'Germany invaded Poland during World War II.' The passive voice, conversely, turns the the semantic object into the syntactic subject using inversion and the auxiliary verb 'be': e.g. 'Poland was invaded by Germany during World War II.' Note that the agent is now an adjunct of the main verb phrase, and is not necessary and may be omitted if so desired: e.g. 'Poland was invaded [by Germany] during World War II.' One of the most challenging aspects of English grammar for non-native speakers is its plethora of so-called phrasal verbs. These are composed of a verb plus some sort of a particle or preposition. Often, the same core verb may be a component of numerous phrasal verbs with different meanings, depending on the following component, and the resulting phrasal verbs may have little to no relation to the literal meaning of the core verb: e.g. get in, get out, get to, get off, get by, get past, get over, get up, get down, get on, get along, get with, etc. Phrasal verbs belong to three categories: intransitive (e.g. 'turn up'), transitive separable (e.g. 'throw out'), and transitive inseparable (e.g. 'get along with'). The inseparable verbs are just that -- inseparable -- and an object may not appear between the core verb and its particle. The separable verbs do allow this, however: e.g. 'throw the trash out' or 'throw out the trash'. Note that with pronominal objects, the pronoun must appear between the verb and the particle: e.g. 'throw it out' but NOT 'throw out it'.
