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Modals are can, could, may, might, shall, should, will , would , must ,have to ,have got to, need to, needn't and ought to. They are used before other verbs to add meaning to the main verb. Models explain different ideas such as obligation, possibility, permission, prohibition, ability and advice. Modals also express degrees of formality. For example, Can I have it? or May I have it? In these examples, the second one is more polite. Also modals are followed by a verb in its base form. We can teach modals by using role plays, rules , regulations for a hotel or a library etc. and signs. There are two voices which are the active and the passive used in English. 'She painted the room' is an example of the active voice but ' The room was painted' is an example of the passive voice. The form of the passive voice is auxiliary verb 'be' + past participle. Only transitive verbs are used in the passive structure. So we cannot use in the passive form of the verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known, not important or we don't want to say, exactly who performs an action. Cutting up varied active/passive sentences and getting students to match them and asking questions like 'What is your favourite book written by a woman?' can be some ideas to teach passive. There are three types of clauses which are independent (complete sentence) , dependent (connected to independent clause) and relative clause (dependent clause that modifies a noun). Also there are two types of relative clauses defining and non-defining. Defining clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence. For example, 'The girl who is wearing red top lives on my street.' However, non-defining relative clause is not essential to the meaning the sentence. For instance, 'London, which was the host of the 2012 Olympics, is visited by over 15 million people each year. Phrasal verbs consist of a verb plus one or two particles. There are three basic types of phrasal verbs which are intransitive, transitive separable and transitive inseparable. We can teach the phrasal verbs according to the particular subject like driving. Also, it is a good idea to use phrasal verbs as much as we can.
