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Unit 16 covers conditionals and reported speech, and also offers some ideas as to teaching them in class. In summery: Conditionals are of four kinds; zero conditionals which express facts that are always true should the conditions are satsfied; First conditionals expressing possibe outcomes under a stated condition; Second conditionals which express hypothetical present or future consequences under some conditions which can never be met; third conditionals express imaginary otherwise consequences with reference to some past actions under some imaginary otherwise conditions and mixed conditionals, expressing a present consequence, but to an otherwise conditions with reference to some past action. In the examples given below to depict the four conditionals, one can easily observe a the tense structure with all four conditionals. 1) Zero conditional - If you cut your skin, blood comes out. (if + present tense, present tense) 2) First conditional - she will call back if she is interested. (if + present simple, will) 3) Second conditional - If i had wings, i would go swimming in the cloud. (if + past simple, would + verb) 4) Third conditional - if she hadnt wanted it, it wouldnt have happened. (if + past perfect, would have + past participle) 5) Mixed conditional - if i had studied aeronautics, i would be a pilot today. (if + past perfect, would + verb) Stated teachng ideas may include; split sentences, compplete the conditional, nuclear bunker, what a question!, etc. The area of reported speech in EFL is so extensive that time an several classes are needed to cover it all. However, as a basic briefing, verb tense changes from direct to reported are as follow: Present simple ----- past simple Present continuous ---- past continuous Present perfect ------past perfect Present perfect continous ---- past perfect continuous past simple -----past perfect past continuous----- pastperfect continuous past perfect ------past perfect will ----- would There are also important changes with time expressions such as: Tomorrow ----- the following day, the next day, the proceeding day etc Yesterday -----the previous day, the preceeding day etc Today ---- that day etc Stated teaching ideas for reported speech may include: intermediaries, reporting verbs, media interviews.
