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This is one of the more difficult sections to understand in terms of being able to teach as a second language to students of English. This is because there are many variants to the rules, confusing situations that will have students second guessing their answers and many sections which require a good base knowledge of English to be able to master it. Modal verbs have many uses and should be taught methodically using either the method of providing all modals together and making sentences with them to discern meaning, or by providing sentences and asking students to change between the modal verbs and discern the subjective feeling inferred by the speaker. 11 major uses of modals include ability - the earliest use students will tend to learn, and progress to possibility, permission, request and advice among others. It is important to get students to understand that the use of modals can overlap but vary in degrees of strength or formality or probability depending on the sentence being used. Uses of semi-modals may also confuse students as they tend to be exceptions to the basic rules for modal auxiliary verbs. These need to be learned and remembered. Teaching active and passive voice provides students with the chance to learn how to change their sentence structure while maintaining coherence and understanding of the text. The uses of this could vary from there being a lack of agent, a lack of importance in the agent, changing the focus of the sentence from the subject to the object, or in order to hide the identity of the agent. The similarity of the sentences used in this section may confuse students so its probably best to play a number of games or perform activities to ensure correct understanding. Its important to make sure students understand what a clause is and how certain \"adjectives\" define a noun through description or identification in a relative clause. Who, which, that, whose, whom etc all introduce said noun. Defining relative clauses are clauses that are essential to the meaning of the sentence while non-defining are non-essential. There are three types of phrasal verbs to teach Type 1:intransitive, Type 2 :transitive Separable and type 3: transitive inseparable. These are defined by either the lack of direct object, the placement of the object pronoun or noun, or the placement of the object phrase or pronoun.
