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Modal auxiliary verbs are a vast area of English Grammar which can be obscure and confusing at times. With all my students being Russian speakers I always try to find way to explain the subtleties and nuances of usage referring to familiar context and situations. Still, I find it very wise and more effective to tech modal verbs in context and step by step. There are many approaches such as opposing and contrasting some ideas or breaking modals into groups of usage. We should remember to point out the appropriate usage referring to tense, formality, personal touch, willingness, and the difference between positive and negative forms (e.g. must/had to, must/mustn?t etc.). Role-plays can be very effective ? polite customer/shop assistant vs. impolite customer/shop assistant. Having several researchers among my students, I always emphasise that passive voice is one of the important grammar point in academic writing. As a rule, learners like transforming active sentences into passive and vice versa, still having some difficulties with continuous tenses, the ?ing form of be often tends to slip out of their minds. In relative clauses a relative pronoun can be the subject or object of a relative clause. Yesterday I bought the book which won the Pulitzer Prize (subject=the book won the prize). Yesterday I bought the book which you had recommended me in your letter (object=you recommended me the book). When the relative pronoun is an object, it can be omitted: I bought the book you had recommended. A defining relative clause identifies or classifies a noun or pronoun in the main clause. We often use these clauses to describe an important quality of someone or something. A non-defining relative clause gives extra information about a noun or pronoun in the main clause (or about the whole clause: Napoleon lost the Battle of Waterloo, which led to his exile), but it doesn?t define or classify, as the main clause still makes sense without it. In non-defining clauses we use a comma to separate the relative clause from the rest of the sentence, which reflects the intonation. In defining relative clause there is no pause between the main clause and the relative clause. If we do use non-defining relative clause in speech (which doesn?t happen very often) there is usually a falling intonation at the end of the main clause.
