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Learning a new language is no easy task, students need to be exposed to it, understand its meaning and structure and be able to practice and produce it. Lessons may introduce grammar, vocabulary, and functions or focus in one of those items. The difficulty of learning vocabulary vary in many ways, for example, similarities to the students' mother tongue and words already known, spelling, etc. While selecting vocabulary that needs teaching, the teacher must bear in mind some criteria: appropriacy to the students and the task, frequency, coverage, and teachability. In class, the teacher needs to present the new words meaning, how and when using them, word grammar, interaction with other words, spelling, and pronunciation. When studying grammar structures, learners must understand the meaning of the grammatical topic, how and when using it, its patterns and forms, and any differences between spoken and written form. Inviting, suggesting, accepting and refusing, agreeing and disagreeing are examples of language functions. Lessons about those topics require focusing on activation since they can be used in formal and informal situations. Throughout this unit, there are recommendations about the best ESA types of lessons to teach grammar, vocabulary or functions.
