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This unit reviewed conditionals and reported speech. Conditionals are ?if? statements which refer to the past, present and future possibilities. The two parts of a conditional are the ?if? clause and the consequence. There are also four types of conditionals, which vary depending on the tense. Zero conditionals are in the present simple tense for both parts and used when relaying scientific facts, general truths, issues or situations. First conditionals, characterized by a present simple tense and the world ?will?, are used when stating likely results of possible future situations. Second conditionals ? identified by the past simple, ?would/could/might?, and the base form of a verb ? are used in hypothetical situations. Third conditionals ? created by ?if?, past perfect tense, would/could/might, and the past participle ? are used to express regrets or excuses. A mixed conditional ? identified by ?if?, past perfect, would/could/might, and the base form of the verb ? is used with imaginary situations in the past. Finally, this lesson discusses converting the direct speech to reported speech. In doing so, present tense becomes past tense, thus referred to as backshifting in English.
