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Conditional sentences are statements discussing known factors or hypothetical situations and their consequences. There are 5 main conditionals. Zero conditional is dealing with actions or facts that are irrefutable. The correct tense to use is simple present tense. First conditional sentences are used to express situation that is likely to happen in the future. We use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense in the main clause. When using second conditional, the hypothetical situations are little less likelihood to happen compared to first conditional. The correct way to structure second conditional sentences is to use the simple past tense in the if-clause and an auxiliary modal verb (e.g., could, should, would, might) in the main clause. The third conditional sentences are used to explain that the present circumstances would be different if something different had happened in the past. We use the past perfect in the if-clause and the modal auxiliary (would, could, might, etc.) + have + past participle in the main clause. Mixed conditional combine a second conditional clause with a third conditional clause, it is the present result of an imaginary situation that occurred in the past. Traditionally, two broad categories of reported speech have been recognized: direct speech - in which the original speaker's words are quoted word for word. It happens when we repeat the speech that has just been said to another person asking about what has just been said, it is to leave the tense as it is originally stated. As for indirect speech, in which the original speaker's thoughts are conveyed without using the speaker's exact words. We backshift the component of the reported speech (one tense back), when the thoughts conveyed were happened in the past. We do not backshift past perfect and past perfect continuous into another tense because they are as far back as they need to be put. When presenting conditionals to the classroom, it?s ideally to teach one conditional pattern at a time to avoid confusion. As with reported speech, correct backshifting component of the speech recreates particular scenes and characters of the speaker. Thus it?s equally important to teach students all the different categories ? changes in verb tenses, patterns, pronouns, questions, time expressions, etc., as they progress through the levels.
