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This unit covered the final four grammatical topics that the course book deems essential to having a knowledge English grammar that's suitable for EFL teaching. The four topics covered were modal auxiliary verbs, the passive voice, relative clauses, and phrasal verbs. Modal auxiliary verbs are used before the main verb and are used to add additional meaning to the main verb. Modal verbs don't conjugate based on person. They're followed by the base for in the present and future tenses while past tenses are a little more complicated. Modal verbs can be used to express advice, obligation, permission, or ability. The next section was on the passive voice. The active voice is most commonly used and describes the standard construct of subject verb object. The passive voice is used to make the object of an active sentence the subject, and make the subject the object or omit it all together. This allows the speaker to discuss actions taken by unknown agents, by agents that the speaker doesn't wish to mention, or to detract focus from the agent's role in the action. The passive voice maintains the same tense as the active sentence, but adds the verb \"to be\" and the original main verb as a past participle. The third section focused on relative clauses which are a type of dependent clause. These clauses serve to describe a noun and are formed using a relative pronoun, a verb, and optionally additional information. There are two types of relative clauses: defining and non-defining. Defining relative clauses provide essential information about the noun and don't use commas. Non-defining relative clauses provide non-essential information about the noun phrase and are introduced and followed by a comma. The final section focused on phrasal verbs. These are verbs that take a particle or two to change the meaning of the verb. Sometime the meaning is slightly altered, other times it's completely different. As with all verbs, there are transitive and intransitive phrasal verbs. Intransitive phrasal verbs are verbs with a particle that take no object. There are two type of transitive phrasal verbs: separable and inseparable. Separable phrasal verbs are phrasal verbs where the verb is/is able to be separated from the particle by the object. Inseparable phrasal verbs are phrasal verbs where the particle must follow directly after the verb and before the object. Inseparable phrasal verbs may also take a second particle.
