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Unit two was an overview of the parts of speech or basic English word types that share similar grammatical properties. English words can usually be categorized as either nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, or articles. How each words is categorized depends on how it is used and different uses can cause the same word to become a different part of speech. For example, a Gerund is the 'ing' form of a verb used as a noun. Nouns are words that name people, animals, places, things, qualities, or states. There are many types of nouns. A proper noun names something and is capitalized (i.e. Mickey Mouse), while an abstract noun denotes an idea, quality, or state rather than something concrete (i.e. happiness). Collective nouns name a group of items (i.e. herd). There are also countable nouns (the plural form usually adds and 's' - pig => pigs) and uncountable nouns where the plural form remains the same (i.e. information). Adjectives are used to describe nouns. Adjectives used to compare and contrast are usually denoted by adding 'er' to the base adjective (tall + er => taller) The superlative form of adjectives are used to compare three or more items and are usually denoted by adding 'est' to the base adjective (tall + est => tallest) Articles identify whether a noun is specific (definite) or unspecific (indefinite). For example 'the bird' refers to a specific bird while 'a bird' can be any bird. A verb describes an action, state, or occurrence. Transitive verbs have a direct object while intransitive verbs do not have a direct object receiving the action. Infinitives refer to the action as a whole take the form 'to' + [base verb form]. (i.e. 'to go'). An adverb adds meaning or information to the action, quality or state denoted by a verb, hence the name. An adverbs can also modify an adjective or another adverb. Adverbs describe manner, place, time, degree, and frequency. In 'John ate his lunch quickly.' the adverb 'quickly' describes the manner in which John ate his lunch. Pronouns are used in place of more precise nouns or noun phrases. There are personal (i.e. me,you), possessive (i.e. mine,yours), reflexive (i.e. myself,yourself) and relative (i.e. this, that) pronouns. Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. They express time (i.e. at, before), movement (i.e. from, to) or place (i.e. in, on below). Conjunctions can join join words of the same class ('He plays squash AND rugby.') or join clauses of sentences ('He started work AS SOON AS he arrived').
