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Modal Auxiliary Verbs: Modals are used before other verbs to add meaning to the main verb. Used before other verbs Nine true auxiliary verbs are - will/would; should/shall/might/may /must; can/could Semi Modals are - Need to ( I NEED TO work everyday.) Main Usages: Ability: I CAN ride a bike... Advice: You SHOULD go see a doctor.... Deduction: It MUST be raining Obligiation: I MUST finish this report by tomorrow. Offer: WOULD you like anything to drink? Permission: CAN/MAY I leave work early today? Possibility: You CAN buy tickets at the door or in advance. Prediction: I think my team WILL win the league. Prohibition: You MUSTn't smoke in here. Promise: I WILL always love you. Request: COULD you help me with this? Passive Voice: Active - Focus on the agent Passive - the agent (The doer) is less important or doesn't appear. Most frequently used when it is not known, not important, or we don't want to say, exactly who performs an action. Only transitive verbs (verbs followed by an object, such as sell, take, buy, write, etc) are used in a passive. It is NOT possible to use verbs such as happened, sleep, come and seem (intransitive verbs) in the passive. May be used with a \"BY\" phrase when the speaker wants the listener to know who performs the action. Relative Clauses: Independent Clause - Complete sentence, contains the main subject & verb Dependent Clause - not a complete sentence. Must be connected to an independent clause. Relative Clause - Dependent clause that modifies a noun. Describes, identifies, or gives further information about a noun. - Introduced by a relative pronoun: who, which, that, whose, whom, etc. there are two types Defining & Non-Defining. Defining Clause - ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence. Makes clear which person or thing we are talking about. Without commas Non-Defining Clause - NOT ESSENTIAL to the meaning of the sentence. information can be taken out without substantially changing the meaning of the sentence. Commas are critical in non-defining relative clauses. Comma is put before the relative pronoun and at the end of the clause. Phrasal Verbs: Or multi-word verbs, consist of a ver plus one or two particles. Type 1 - Intransitive = Cannon be followed by a direct object: She didn't turn up. (she didn't make it) Type 2 - Transitive Separable = Object pronoun can only come between the verb and the particle: Shoe took her on Type 3 -Transitive Inseparable = Object phrase or object pronoun both come after the particle: She got over the operation This type can also include phrasal verb that have two particles. An adverb followed by a preposition = My wife puts up with a lot of criticism of her cooking.
