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1) The modal verbs include can, could, must,have to, have got to, may, might, will, would, should, ought to, need , need not They are used with other verbs to express ability, obligation, possibility, permission, advice and so on. Below is a list showing the most useful modals and their most common meanings: Modal Meaning Example can to express ability I can jump. can to request permission Can I watch TV in the living room? may to express possibility I may be home late. may to request permission May I eat the chocolate, please? must to express obligation I must go now. must to express strong belief She must be over 90 years old. should to give an advice You should stop smoking. would to request or offer Would you like a cup of tea? would in if-sentences If I were you, I would say sorry. Modal verbs are unlike other verbs cannot change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive or participle (past/present). The modals must and can need substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the different tenses. When we teach our students about the modal verbs we can use role-plays, rules charts, or signs. 2) Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, who or what is performing the action.Example: My bike was stolen. Here, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. We do not know, however, who did it. When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, we should be careful of the following: ? the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence ? the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) ? the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped) If I would be teaching lower level students the passive voice, I would try a matching game. I would give them cards with active voice sentences, and cards with passive voice sentences and they would be supposed to connect them. 3) We use defining relative clauses to give essential information about someone or something ? information that we need in order to understand what or who is being referred to. A defining relative clause usually comes immediately after the noun it describes.We usually use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, that, which, whose and whom) to introduce a defining relative clause. Example: She?s the lady who lent me her phone. We use non-defining relative clauses to give extra information about the person or thing. It is not necessary information. We don?t need it to understand who or what is being referred to. In writing, we use commas around non-defining relative clauses. Example: Anna, who works in my company, is doing the writing.
