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This unit covered four present tenses: the present simple, present continuous/ present progressive, present perfect, and present perfect continuous. To form an affirmative present simple sentence, the pattern is: subject + base form [+s/es]. (Example: I work.) To form a negative, the pattern is: subject + aux verb ?do? + not + base form. (Example: I don?t work.) To form a question: aux verb ?do? + subject + base form. (Example: Do I work?) The present simple tense may be used for the following situations: habitual/routine actions, permanent situations/facts, commentaries, directions/instructions, newspaper headlines, present stories, and historical sequences. To form a sentence using the present continuous, use the present simple tense of the auxiliary verb ?to be? and the present participle (verb + -ing) of the main verb. For example: I am learning (affirmative), I am not learning (negative), and Am I learning? (question). The present continuous tense may be used for the following: to talk about an action that is in progress at the time of speaking; to talk about a temporary action that is not necessarily in progress at the time of speaking; to emphasize very frequent actions; background events in a present story; to describe developing situations; and to refer to a regular action around a point of time. To form a sentence using the present perfect tense, the pattern generally is: subject + aux verb ?have? + past participle. For example: I have written (affirmative), I haven?t written (negative), and Have I written? (question). There are four ways to use this tense. First, when talking about finished actions/states that happened at an indefinite time; it refers to general experience without specific detail. Second, when we?re thinking about completed past actions carried out in an unfinished time period at the time of speaking. Third, when we talk about something which began in the past and is still true now. Finally, when we describe past actions with present results. To form an affirmative sentence with the present perfect continuous, the pattern is: subject + aux verb ?have? + been + verb+ing. To form the negative: subject + aux verb ?have? + not + been + verb+ing. To form a question: aux verb ?have? + subject + been + verb+ing. There are two usages for this tense: to communicate an incomplete and ongoing activity, when we want to say how long it has continued, and to describe a recently finished, uninterrupted activity which has a present result. This unit taught me the basics behind the core tenses that language learners need. Additionally, I learned the situations in which each tense should be applied, common errors and mistakes, as well as appropriate activities that may be used for further study of each tense.
