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Conditionals are sentences that contain a clause \"if\" or \"when\" which refers to past, present or future prospects. They describe the result of something that might happen (in the present or future) or might have happened but didn't (in the past). There are five main conditionals: Zero Conditional (if/when + present tense, present tense). The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word \"if\" can usually be replaced by the word \"when\" without changing the meaning. First Conditional (if + present simple, will). This conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the \"if\" clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future. Second Conditional (if + past simple, would/could/might + base form). he type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. This conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In second conditional sentences, the \"if\" clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional. Third Conditional (if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle). This type is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In third conditional sentences, the \"if\" clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional. Mixed Conditional (if + past perfect, would + base form). The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. Mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its possible result in the present. The \"if\" clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional. Reported speech focuses more on the content of what is said rather than the exact spoken words. It is also called indirect speech. The structure of the reported clause depends on whether the speaker is reporting a statement, a question or a command. Direct speech is words that are repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When direct speech is used in writing, place the words spoken between quotation marks (\" \") and there is no change in these words. The verb structure changes when using direct and reported speech as well as the pronouns.
