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Conditionals are sentences with two closely related clauses ? an ?if clause and a main clause . Conditional sentences are divided into different types: The Zero conditional is used to talk about general truths, e.g. scientific facts or things certain or most likely to happen. (For example: When you boil water, you get steam. If you heat water, it boils. When the sun sets, it gets dark. It glows if you push that button.) The present simple is used in both clauses. The First conditional is used when we talk about real and possible situations. (For example: If he studies hard, he will pass the exam. If it?s a nice day tomorrow, we?ll go to the beach. I?ll go shopping on the way home if I have time.) In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually if + present simple and will + infinitive. The second conditional is used to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. It uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive. (For example: She would travel all over the world if she were rich. If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.) The third conditional is used to talk about the past or to describe a situation that didn't happen. It is formed by using the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the past participle in the second part of the sentence. (For example: If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane. If I had practiced the guitar, I would have been better. If I had had enough money, I would have gone to Ireland.) Sometimes conditional sentences are mixed whereby the time in the if-clause is not the same as the time in the result. It is formed by combining If + past perfect, would + base form. (For example: If I had listened to him, I would be in serious trouble now. If I had won the lottery, I would be rich. If Tom had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Egypt.) Teaching ideas for conditionals include memory games, sentence splitting, chain stories, sentence completion etc. When we report someone?s words we can do it in two ways. We can use direct speech with quotation marks (?I work in a shop?), or we can use reported speech (He said he worked in a shop.) In reported speech the tenses, word-order, place and time expressions and pronouns may differ from those in the original sentence. For example, I shifts to He or She, Here shifts to There, Present Simple Tense shifts to Past Simple, Past Simple shifts to Past Perfect. When we turn direct questions into reported (indirect) speech, the question word (when, where, why, who, what, how etc.) remains but the form of the verb changes into the positive form, with the question mark omitted in reported questions. The verb Say changes into Ask, Enquire etc., and the tense of the speech reported is the same as that of the reporting verb. Teaching ideas for reported speech include role plays, review reporting verbs, interviews etc.
