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Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as \"the unreal past\" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. The first one is known as Zero Conditional which is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word \"if\" can usually be replaced by the word \"when\" without changing the meaning. This conditional tense is form by using if/when plus a present tense. The second type is the first conditional which can be formed by using if plus present simple, will. It should be noted that will can be replaced by may, might, can, should etc. This tense is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. Also, it refers to a possible condition and its probable result. The third conditional tense is the second type which can be formed by using if plus past simple, would/could/might plus a base form. This tense is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. It is also used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. Fourthly, there is the third conditional tense which is formed by using if plus past perfect, would/could/might plus have plus part participle. The third conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. It is also used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. Finally, there is the mixed type conditional which is formed by using if plus past perfect would and a base form. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before. Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech. When you use reported speech, you either report: statements, questions, requests / commands or other types. When reporting, the tense also changes for example, present simple changes to past simple, past simple to past prefect, past continuous to past perfect continuous etc.
