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Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if.In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause.The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word \"if\" can usually be replaced by the word \"when\" without changing the meaning. e.g. If you heat ice, it melts. The first conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The first conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future. e.g. If you stude more, you will have better marks. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The second conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional. e.g. If I were you, I would buy the car. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The third conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.e.g. If I had accepted the offer, I would have worked for that company. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional. e.g. If we had looked at the map we wouldn't be lost. Reported Speech (also called Indirect Speech) is used to communicate what someone else said, but without using the exact words. A few changes are necessary; often a pronoun has to be changed and the verb is usually moved back a tense, where possible. When we use reported speech, you either report:statements, questions,requests / commands, and some other types. When transforming statements, we have to change: pronouns, tense, place and time expression. 1- Pronouns In reported speech, we often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what. Example:She says, ?My dad likes roast chicken.? ? She says that her dad likes roast chicken. 2- Tenses If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in reported speech. If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in reported speech.
