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In Unit 18 we examine a few more core grammar concepts: modal auxiliary verbs, passive voice, phrasal verbs and relative clauses. Modal auxiliary verbs are may, might, can, could, shall, should, must, will and would, as well as the semi-modals have to, need to, be able to etc. Major usages include: Ability (can, could, be able to), e.g. ?Zombies can turn their victims with a mere scratch or bite.? Possibility (may, might, can, could, should, must), e.g. ?The prime minister should issue an official response by this evening.? Permission (may, can), e.g. ?You may get a pet orangutan if you test perfectly on Monday?s calculus exam.? Necessity or obligation (must, should, need to, have to), e.g. ?He has to clean the newt tanks daily.? Request (could, can, might, may, would), e.g. ?Would you pass me some more tape?? Prohibition (must not), e.g. ?You mustn?t eat citrus and milk products together.? Advice or suggestion (could, should), e.g. ?You should see a doctor about that cough? Promise (will), e.g. ?I will clean my room after school.? Different modal verbs express differing degrees of politeness, formality, and certainty within their common usages. Passive voice is one of the two voices in English; in passive voice the object becomes the subject of the sentence. It is created by the addition of the auxiliary verb ?be?, and may only be created using transitive verbs. It is used when the agent of an action is unknown e.g. ?According to intercepted communications, the diplomat will be assassinated next weekend?, unimportant e.g. ?All seatbelts are fastened?, or not desired to be disclosed e.g. ?Your vase was unintentionally smashed this afternoon?. Relative clauses, also known as adjective clauses, are a type of dependent clause which describes, identifies, or provides information about the noun it modifies, and may be introduced by a relative pronoun such as ?which? or ?that?. Relative clauses are classified as either defining, when the information contained is essential to the sentence?s meaning and the clause is unseparated from the sentence by commas, or un-defining, when the information is unessential and commas separate the clause from the sentence. Phrasal verbs are verbs with one or two particles functioning as a single grammatical unit. They are divided into the categories of intransitive (cannot take an object), transitive separable (take an object which if a noun may come before or after the particle), and transitive inseparable (take an object which must come after the particle, may have an adverb particle preceding the preposition particle). Unit 18, along with the rest of the grammar focused units, was beneficial to my understanding of the target points and provided new ideas for teaching key grammar and difficult concepts. The breakdown of phrasal verb types was one I have not found elsewhere.
