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The first part of the unit deals with Conditional or \"if\" sentences are they commonly called- because they often contain the word if - are sentences that refer to present, past and future possibilities and can range from factual through to impossible statements. There are 5 typical patterns most commonly taught to students learning English as a foreign language. Zero conditional - scientific fact, general truths, issues/situations that most certainly or almost true.eg If you touch fire, you get burned - if + present tense + fact/general truth. 1st Conditional - promise, threat, warning - likely result of a real situation eg If you do your homework, we will go to the pictures this evening. If + present simple + will (future). 2nd Conditional - dreams, fantasies, hypothetical - less confidence a hypothetical situation not presently true and unlikely to ever be true. If I had more money, I would buy a bigger car. If + past simple + would/could/,might. 3rd Conditional - Regrets, excuses - past result of an imaginary situation that happened in the past. If I had found her address, I would have sent her an invitation. If + past perfect+ would/could/might + have. Mixed Conditional - present result of imaginary situations in the past. eg If you had caught that plane, you would be dead now. If + past perfect + modal verb would. Only the situation relates to the present. When teaching conditionals it is important to keep the patterns consistent in a lesson to avoid confusion, usually teaching one conditional at a time. One good teaching aid is a card game, which can be used across all the conditions - put the two halves of a conditional sentence on separate cards upside down and get the students to match them. Another teaching aid is to get students to take turns to continue a conditional sentence eg If I won the lottery, I?d go to Spain. If I went to Spain, I would learn Spanish - etc until they can go no further. The second part of this unit deals with reported speech - not quoting exact words but letting people know what has been said eg. John said \" I go swimming on Tuesdays. - direct speech John told me that he goes swimming on Tuesdays - reported speech. In order to to this we have to backshift of switchback the tenses, expressions of time, place, here to there. We move the verb 1 tense back to make the statement true to the time. eg of time changes:- Today > that day Now > then Yesterday > the day before/previous day Number of days ago > number of days before Last > the previous week/month/year Tomorrow > the next day/the day after This week/month/year > that week/month/year The verb tenses also change to the following:- Present simple > past simple Present continuous > past continuous Present perfect > past perfect Present perfect continuous > past perfect continuous Past simple > past perfect Past continuous > past perfect continuous Will > would Past perfect > remains the same} are not backshifted as they are as far back as they can be Past ferfect > remain the same } Sometimes time changes do not occur eg when reporting questions as statements. Sarah asked me \"Where do you live\
