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Conditionals are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word ?if?, sometimes ? ?when?. There are two clauses, the ?if? clause and the main clause, and either can come in the first part of conditional sentence. E.g. If I had enough free time, I would go to London. I would go to London if I had enough free time. There are five conditionals types. The first one is Zero Conditional (form: if/when + present tense for ?if? clause, present tense for main clause; usage: general truths; If it rains, the grass gets wet) The second is First Conditional (form: if + present simple, future simple; usage: a possible condition and its probable result; If you don't hurry, you will miss the train) Second Conditional (form: if + past simple, would/could/might + base form; usage: to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal; If it rained you would get wet) Third Conditional (form: if + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle; usage: to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality; If it had rained, you would have gotten wet) Mix Conditional (form: if + past perfect, would + base form; usage: to refer to a hypothetical past action or state, and the hypothetical present consequence; If we had looked at the map, we wouldn't be lost.) Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks and there is no change in these words. We may be reporting something that's being said NOW (for example a telephone conversation), or telling someone later about a previous conversation. E.g. ?I read the book last evening? he said. Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like ?say?, ?tell?, ?ask?, and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Inverted commas are not used. E.g. Lily said that she was tired. When we turn direct questions into reported speech, the question word (what, when, who, etc.) remains but the form of the verb changes into the positive form, the question mark being omitted in reported questions. The verb ?say? changes into ?ask?, ?enquire? ?etc., and the tense of the speech reported is the same as that of the reporting verb. If there is no question word, ?if? or ?whether? must be used. Normally, the tense in reported speech is one tense back in time from the tense in direct speech. For example, ?I love it? => He said he loved it. But Past Perfect changes to Past Perfect, Past Perfect Continuous to Past Perfect Continuous. The events and ?things? take a step backwards, both in time and physical position. In general present becomes past, and ?this? and ?here? become ?that? and ?there?, ?today? to ?that day?, etc.
