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In this unit we focus our attention on the four; the Present simple, Present continuous (sometimes called the Present progressive), Present perfect and Present perfect continuous. Below are brief explanations of these Present tenses. The Present simple; Form: Affirmatives: (subject + base form ( +s/es)) such as I work, you work, we work. Negative: (subject + aux verb ?do? + not + base form). Note that don?t and doesn?t often appear as ?do not? and ?does not? in written text. Question: (aux verb ?do? + subject + base form) such as do I work?, do we work? Usage with example sentences -Habitual or routine actions. Example; he goes fishing every week. -Permanent situation and facts. Example; John passes Peter who shoots and scores. -Directions and instructions. Example; first you left, then you go straight on. -Newspaper headlines. Example, Stock market falls to all time low. Present Continuous; Form: Affirmative: (subject + aux verb ?be? +verb + ing). Example; I am learning, I?m learning. Negative: (subject + aux verb ?be? + not + verb + ing). Example; I am not learning. Question: (aux verb ?be? + subject + verb + ing). Example; Am I learning?. Usage: -An action in progress at the time of speaking. Example; Please be quiet, I?m watching TV. -An action that is necessarily in progress at the time of speaking. Example; I?m reading a good book at the moment. -To emphasize very frequent actions ( often with ?always?) Example: she is always biting her nails. Present perfect: Form; Affirmative; (subject + aux verb ?have? + past participle) such as I have written. Negative; ( subject + aux verb ?have? + not + past participle), such as I haven?t written. Question; ( aux verb ?have? + subject + past participle) such as Have I written?. Usage: -States that happened at an indefinite time. Example, I have eaten an octopus. -Completed past actions carried out in an indefinite time period at the time of speaking. Example, It has rained a lot today ( that is the rain has) -Something which began in the past and is true now, at the time of speaking. We don?t know if this is likely to continue or not. Example, we have lived in Paris for five years. Present perfect continuous: Form; Affirmative; ( subject + aux verb ?have? + been + verb + ing). Such as I have been dancing. Negative; (subject + aux verb ?have? + not + been + verb + ing). Such as I haven?t been dancing. Questions; ( aux verb ?have? + subject + been + verb + ing). Such as have I been dancing? Usage; -To communicate an incomplete and ongoing activity when we want to say how long it has continued. Example, I?ve been dancing for the last twenty years. -To describe a recently finished, uninterrupted activity which has a present results. Example, I?m tired because I have been chopping logs all day. To conclude, what I have personally learnt from this unit are the different present tenses that exist in English, how they are formed and how they are used to communicate and construct sentences.
