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Conditionals are if/then statements and have five typical patterns. Zero conditionals are for situations that are always true, such as scientific facts or general truths. It is created by if + simple present, simple present. Zero conditionals can also use when, because it is certain to happen. First conditionals are formed with if + present simple + modal auxiliary verb + the base form of the verb. It is used with a likely result of a possible future situation. Second Conditionals are made with if + past simple or past continuous + modal auxiliary verb + the base verb form. It can also use were/was. It is used for hypotheticals or fantasies. Third conditional phrases are made with if + past perfect + would/could/might + have + past participle. It is used for regrets or excuses and is always have no matter the pronoun, so it is not present perfect. A mixed conditional uses both a second conditional and a third. It is formed with if + past participle + could/might/would + verb base form. Reported speech is taking a direct quote and changing it to a report. When reported, the tenses are changed into the past tense and the pronouns are changed to fit who was speaking. It is never incorrect to change it to past tense, but could be alright if the statement is still true or about true facts. It is ok not to change today to that day when it is still the same day.
